Folate has a unique pattern with increasing and decreasing concentrations until stabilization in late lactation. In contrast, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) remains constant, as does choline after an initial increase during the first months of lactation. While vitamins B1 (thiamine), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid) increase throughout the course of lactation, concentrations of vitamin B6, B12, and C decrease. There are natural changes in the concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in human milk over the course of lactation. Typical deficiency syndromes in infants are beriberi (B1), ariboflavinosis (B2), pellagra (B3), neural tube defects (folic acid), and megaloblastic anemia, growth retardation, and impaired development (B12). Inadequate supply of one or more water-soluble vitamins to breastfed infants can result in growth retardation, DNA damage, or metabolic defects, and affect the cardiovascular, muscuВlar, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Vitamin C serves as an antioxidant involved in tissue repair, immune system supВport, and interferon production. B vitamins play essential roles in cell metabolism, including DNA synthesis and regulaВtion, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis, either as cofactors/coenzymes for or as precursors of these cofactors. Water-soluble vitamins are essential for the breastfed infantвЂ™s health and development, yet they are among the most susceptible to depletion in human milk when maternal status and/or intake is low.

PeyerвЂ™s patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as _.Water-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk: Factors Affecting Their Concentration and Their Physiological Significance.

The role of the _ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by _.

The _ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue).

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called _.Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _.

Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the _.The valves located between the atria and ventricles are known as the _ valves.The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the _, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the _.The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is actually the same layer as the _.The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the _, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.The partition where the bundle branches are located is called the _.The layer of the heart wall that receives the stimulus from letter E is called the _.Life at a high altitude can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as _.A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as _.Each hemoglobin molecule is able to transport _ molecule(s) of oxygen.The percentage of erythrocytes in blood is known as the _.An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is _.Normal blood pH falls in a range between _ to _.The hypothalamus makes two hormones, _ and _, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.cortisolUnit 3 Examination 128 GED 102 The Human Body.Alcohol suppresses the production of this hormone, _, which normally promotes water.The target organ of thyrotropic hormone (TH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is the _ gland.The endocrine gland most closely associated with the hypothalamus is the _.The most common stimulus for prodding endocrine glands into action is _.Water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using _.

Water soluble hormones